Suffering in the ancient, Roman and Greek periods

Presentation Suffering has been prominent in human race for a considerable length of time. Truth be told, each person has endured somehow. Enduring jumbles all societies of mankind. Enduring has no restriction. To certain individuals, it is a piece of life while to others it is a discipline from the divine beings. Moreover, to certain individuals it goes about as a restorative measure while to other it goes about as evil.Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Suffering in the old, Roman and Greek periods explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Different individuals from various societies characterize enduring in variation ways. Be that as it may, the procedures they experience during enduring will in general combine. This paper will investigate the topic of enduring in the antiquated, Roman and Greek periods (Steiner, 1906, p. 1). Enduring Every human discovers him/herself confronting languishing. It accompanies or without greeting. Enduring may come as a notice figure or as a mysterious one. Enduring has grieved man since the start of the world. In view of various perspectives, strict segments have accepted that enduring began with the transgression of Adam in the nursery of Eden. Then again, others have accepted that it started with man once he appeared. In any case, one combination is that enduring has framed piece of human race from that point forward. Old individuals experienced enduring just as the cutting edge ones. In such manner, enduring has navigated mankind. At whatever point individuals attempt to esteem life, they think that its important to think about the contribution of enduring in it. Enduring has been considered as the eradicator of harmony. Besides, it has likewise been considered as a damper of expectation and delight. Notwithstanding, it is important to take note of that world and social advancements have attempted to lessen human affliction (Reisinho, 2012, p. 1). Manners by which enduring is reflected Ancient stories recount people who experienced numerous issues, which influenced their states of being. Among these included Cicero and Philoctetes who experienced hopelessness and wretchedness in their open and private lives. Archeologists have additionally figured out how to demonstrate states of enduring in the old universes. They have released various individual just as ecological elements that added to enduring in old occasions. These included torment, mental anguish and despondency, social and political mistreatment, physical debilitation and constant ailments, among others. Quite, enduring was exceptionally common in antiquated world since they encountered oppressive regimes, poor framework, and legendary social aspects.Advertising Looking for exposition on history? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Suffering in Greek society was deciphered from multiple points of view. For example, Aeschylos, a tragedian considered it to be a method of getting information in antiquated Greek. Basically, he considered it to be something that brings both the advantage and drawback. Truth be told, Greek savants accepted that enduring was experienced profoundly by individuals who esteemed life. In addition, Selenus thought that it was insightful for a man not to be conceived since it just presented to him/her anguish. Be that as it may, impact from religion additionally made a few Greeks to acknowledge enduring as a component of life since transgression, detestable and enduring are bound together (Reisinho, 2012, p. 1). It can likewise be noticed that in the old western culture, experiencing supposedly resulted a blemished universe. In such manner, a few scholars in that period felt that the universe had an imperfect nature and accordingly a malevolent quality. For example, Hippocrates accepted that this deficient nature of the universe came to fruition because of the contrasts among characteristics and components of room. Then again, Christians accepted that experiencing came unique sin. All things considered, different scholars like Manichees accepted that enduring came about on the grounds that the maker made derisory work by the maker he accepted to be a demiurge. Once more, others like Stoic would not recognize the presence of anguish. Besides, Galen and Aritole accepted that enduring was felt by a passionate soul. Basically, the old, Greek, and Roman periods comprehended experiencing in dissimilar manners extending order to surrender, among others (Pilch, 1990, p. 1). Similitude and Differences Between Suffering in Ancient and Suffering in Modern World It can be noticed that in all cases enduring was viewed as underhanded in certain quarters of the antiquated world as is seen today. For example, similarly as Hippocrates accepted that it came in light of deformities known to mankind, the cutting edge world (which has become materialistic) accept that individuals experience enduring as a result o f insufficiency in their endeavors. Another likeness is clear in Rene Descartes’ contention that enduring could be acceptable. This assumption is shared by Aeschylos, who accepted that enduring helped individuals to gain information. Strict world has not changed broadly as they share a typical accept that through determination in enduring they will conquer underhanded. Be that as it may, the differentiations have additionally ascended over misery. For example, present day world supervised the partition of body from Saul, all the while, sorting enduring with the physical body. This was not regular in the old world. Besides, Leibniz figured out how to make a qualification among substantial and moral malice. In such manner, enduring was ordered with physical abhorrent instead of the antiquated occasions when there was no division (Reisinho, 2012, p. 1).Advertising We will compose a custom article test on Suffering in the antiquated, Roman and Greek periods explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conclusion Suffering has been comprehended with blended response in mankind. While a few areas have denied its reality, others have acknowledged it. Then again, the individuals who have acknowledged it have additionally contrasted on its source, methods of moderation, and explanation behind being. In any case, religion has assumed a focal job in it understanding among other steadfast. What's more, savants have additionally made strides in their revelation of its activities (Fiero, 2011, p. 15). References Fiero, G. K. (2011). The humanistic convention, Book 1: The main civic establishments and the old style inheritance (sixth. Ed). New York, NY: McGraw Hill. Pilch, J. (1990). How We Redress Our Suffering: An Exercise in Actualizing Biblical Texts. Web. Reisinho, E. (2012). Life Is Cruel: Pain and Suffering. Web. Steiner, R. (1906). The Origin of Suffering: Origin of Suffering, Origin of Evil, Illness and Death. Recovered from https://wn.rsarchive.org /Lectures/GA055/English/SBC1980/19061108p01.html This exposition on Suffering in the old, Roman and Greek periods was composed and put together by client Ayla Brown to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for examination and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; in any case, you should refer to it as needs be. You can give your paper here.

Free Essays on Hesiods Theogony

, regularly assigning wares, yet additionally social organizations, for example, authority with its unpredictable capacities and trappings of custom. The settlements cast by Aegean and Near Eastern lords contain comparative recipes. Methods for bookkeeping, tallying, and weighing are comparative or indistinguishable. Nobody debates the Near Eastern cause of composing on mud tablets or of the Greek letter set. Instruments, and most likely how they were played and for what reasons, are the equivalent in East and West, as seem to be... Free Essays on Hesiod's Theogony Free Essays on Hesiod's Theogony In M. L. West's model release of Hesiod's Theogony, distributed in 1966, W. guaranteed that Greece is a piece of Asia; Greek writing is a Near Eastern writing (p. 31), a wonderful case when everybody realized that Greece is a piece of Europe and its writing not at all like whatever showed up in the Near East. However over the most recent thirty years others have made comparative cases. W. Burkert, particularly, contended that Akkadian cuneiform next to each other with Aramaic, Phoenician, and Greek alphabetic content creates a continuum of composed culture in the eighth century which extends from the Euphrates to Italy (The Orientalizing Revolution, Cambridge, Mass., 1992, p. 31). Here W. decides to demonstrate his proposition, presently an age old, and we may be upset that he has succeeded so well. There are twelve sections, which I will quickly audit all together. In the principal part, Aegean and Orient, W. takes a bird's-eye perspective on striking highlights of Near Eastern and Aegean societies that for clarification shout out for direct transmission or a typical birthplace. He doesn't state this, however if one somehow happened to contrast Bronze Age Greece and Bronze Age China or the Hopi Indians of Arizona one would not hope to discover such regular components, here recognizable to antiquated courses of exchange and correspondence over north Syria, through Cyprus and Rhodes, to Crete and the Aegean. These are social antiques and not the aftereffect of equal development. Such basic components incorporate a significant rundown of credit words, frequently assigning items, yet additionally social organizations, for example, authority with its intricate capacities and trappings of custom. The arrangements cast by Aegean and Near Eastern lords contain comparable equations. Methods for bookkeeping, tallying, and weighing are comparative or indistinguishable. Nobody questions the Near Eastern beginning of composing on dirt tablets or of the Greek letters in order. Instruments, and almost certainly how they were played and for what reasons, are the equivalent in East and West, as may be...

A View the from the Class Audrey Misquith COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

A View the from the Class Audrey Misquith COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The SIPA Office of Alumni and Development is pleased to share another installment of A View from the Class, a SIPA stories series featuring current SIPA students, recently graduated alumni, and SIPA faculty. In this issue, we feature recently graduated SIPA student Audrey Misquith MPA 18, Master of Public Administration concentrating in Economic and Political Development (EDP) and specializing in Advanced Policy and Economic Analysis.   What were you doing prior to attending SIPA? After graduating from Bangalore University with a bachelor’s degree in financial management and a minor in accounting and taxation, I worked as a deputy manager at a government-owned development bank in India. I led teams through entire credit cycles, specializing in the sectors of agriculture, education, medicine, and infrastructure. On the side, I designed initiatives and managed operations for two education non-profits that served low-income school children. Why did you choose SIPA? I chose SIPA for its widely-recognized reputation as a global public policy school. Since my regional interests lay in South Asia, Africa, and the Middle-East, SIPA was a good fit given its vast repertoire of courses tailored to this region.   I was particularly interested in transitioning to the non-profit sector and with my previous banking experience with small and medium enterprises and agriculturists, I hoped to gain solid academic training that would complement the practical skills I had picked up on the field. Why did you choose your particular areas of study? The EPD track offered what I was looking for. The workshop component meant applying important skills learned in the classroom on the ground with the opportunity to work with innovative social enterprises and multilateral organizations. I chose Advanced Policy and Economic Analysis as my specialization to further widen my data analytic skill-set. Please describe some of your SIPA experiences. My SIPA experience has been fabulous. Highlights include a class on “Global Inequality” with Professor Suresh Naidu, “Advanced Economic Development” with Professor Eric Verhoogen, and classes with political science and humanitarian industry experts, Dr. Lisa Anderson and Dr. Dirk Salomons. My summer internship at Plan International in Uganda was a fulfilling experience as well. My primary responsibility was to inform the operating model of a scale-up of Plan’s flagship economic empowerment program for youth farmers. This semester, I travelled to Brazil to meet with government officials and the World Food Programme’s staff to assess the World Food Programme’s Center of Excellence(CoE)’s south-south cooperation strategy with the West African region. Recently, my team claimed the runners-up prize for the Dean’s Public Policy Challenge grant and won a $20,000 grant to fully launch a technological platform to raise HIV awareness in Indias rural district of Solapur. What are your plans after SIPA? I am most interested in roles that involve a combination of program design and implementation. I like to get my hands dirty, so roles that entail scaling up a development intervention or building an initiative from scratch are most appealing. I lean towards food security and livelihoods and public health.

Outsourcing The Trifecta Of Outsourcing - 1979 Words

The Trifecta of Outsourcing Financial services firms have always faced market volatility, but new challenges are forcing most to rethink their traditional operating models in favor of outsourcing. One of the main concerns within any industry is maintaining a competitive advantage. In order to do so, the company should review what should be â€Å"outsourced without damaging core strategic assets and capabilities of the firm† (Graf et al. 69). Outsourcing is seen by many executives as a panacea for all the problems they face and they put forward a number of advantages as to why such programs should be implemented. The expanded use of outsourcing models will help improve revenue and create new business opportunities. â€Å"Since the 1970s, banks and†¦show more content†¦Outsourcing information technology (IT) has grown beyond server and data center hosting to include private and public cloud computing, application development and management, software maintenance and enhancement, network managemen t, user support and outsourced database and system administrators. One of the writers of Banking Systems and Technology, states outsourcing can save about $265 million for one company (Yurcan). Profit is always the main goal for any company worldwide, meaning that outsourcing is a really big aid to filling the bottom line. Those companies who do choose to outsource in the United Kingdom have done a good job doing so and it has truly helped out their competitive advantage (Yurcan). Some companies have decided to outsource something as small as their mobile bank industry. For some smaller banks in the United Kingdom it seems to be a lot easier to have another company be in charge of their mobile banking so that they focus on core competencies within the organization (Yurcan). In addition to that, with other larger companies who have the resources and money to engage in house control of their own mobile banking IT software, it leaves the smaller businesses with their hands tied. There is no doubt that since 2010 there has been a need for mobile banking, as it is the most efficient and convenient way to bank for customers (Yurcan). Thus, in order

Words Used to Describe Food

The words below are some of the most important used to talk about how food tastes, the condition it is in, and how we cook. Practice the sentences and learn how to talk about your food.   Food Condition fresh - Sushi always requires fresh fish.off - Im afraid this cheese tastes off.raw - Sushi is made from raw fish as well as vegetables, seaweed, and rice.  ripe - Make sure the bananas are ripe so I can use them in the cake.rotten - This meat smells rotten. I think we should throw it away.tough - The steak was very tough. I could hardly chew it!tender - The lamb was so tender that it seemed to melt in my mouth.undercooked - The undercooked salmon was very poor.unripe - Many types of fruit are picked unripe and become ripe as they are shipped.overcooked - The broccoli was overcooked. It should have been crisper.   Food Verbs bake - Ill bake a cake for her birthday party.boil - You should boil these potatoes for forty-five minutes.cook - What would you like me to cook for dinner?fry - I usually fry some eggs and bacon on Saturday mornings.grill - During the summer I like to grill meat outside.heat - Heat up the soup and make some sandwiches.microwave - Microwave the macaroni for three minutes and eat.poach - Jennifer prefers to poach her eggs.roast - Lets put this in the oven and roast for two hours.steam - The best way to cook many vegetables is to steam them for a few minutes. Food Quantities bar - Melt one bar of butter for the sauce.liter - Ill put a liter of water on to boil for the pasta.loaf - I bought three loaves of bread at the supermarket.  lump - Put of a lump of butter on top of the casserole to make it tasty.piece - Would you like a piece of chicken?pint - I drank a pint of ale at the pub.portion - Have you eaten your portion of vegetables today?slice - Please put three slices of cheese on my sandwich.spoonful - Add two spoonfuls of sugar to sweeten. Food Taste bitter - The almonds were very bitter. I could hardly eat the cookies.bland - This sauce is very bland. It doesnt taste like anything.creamy - I enjoy eating creamy tomato soup on cold winter days.crisp - The apple was crisp and delicious.  crunchy - Granola is a very crunch type of breakfast cereal.hot - The soup is hot. Let it cool down.mild - The spices are very mild.  salty - The sauce was much too salty. I think you should add some water and boil it down.savory - Savory crackers with cheese make a great snack.  sour - Lemons are very sour!spicy - Greg enjoys eating spicy Mexican food.  sweet - The cherry pie wasnt too sweet. It was just right.  tasteless - The vegetables have been cooked for too long. Theyre tasteless. Food Types barbecue - Do you enjoy barbecue during the summer?buffet - We went to an Indian buffet and had all we could eat.four-course meal - My wife and I enjoy making four-course meals on special occasions.picnic - Lets take a picnic to the park and enjoy the good weather.snack - You should eat a snack at four, but dont eat too much.TV dinner - TV dinners are disgusting but fast. Eating and Drinking bite - Dont bite off more meat than you can comfortably chew.chew - You should chew each bite well before you swallow.swallow - If you swallow too much you might choke on your food.sip - Its best to slowly sip a cocktail rather than gulp it down.guzzle - He guzzled a glass of water after he finished the job.gulp down - He hungrily gulped down the meal as he was very hungry. Preparing Drinks add - Add two shots of whiskey and some rum.fill - Fill the glass with ice.mix - Mix in a teaspoon of sugar.pour - Pour your drink over ice cubes.  shake - Shake the drink well and pour into a glass.stir - Stir the ingredients well and enjoy with your favorite seafood.   If you know all of these words, try the advanced level food vocabulary page to really expand your vocabulary. Teachers can use this lesson about food to help students plan a meal of their own.

Succubus Dreams CHAPTER 12 Free Essays

â€Å"I can’t believe you keep coming back,† Dante told me when I showed up at his shop the next day. To no one’s surprise, the place was empty. â€Å"Me either,† I admitted. We will write a custom essay sample on Succubus Dreams CHAPTER 12 or any similar topic only for you Order Now I never felt welcome here, yet I didn’t feel I had anywhere else to go. â€Å"How do you stay in business?† â€Å"Beats me. I don’t suppose you’re here to give me the best night of my life? You missed your El Gaucho chance, though.† â€Å"I’m here because I had another dream.† â€Å"You’re using me, succubus.† He sighed and sat down at the chintzy table. â€Å"Okay. Give it to me.† Settling down across from him, I recapped the latest dream events. â€Å"Not really much in the way of new developments,† he pointed out afterward. â€Å"You got, like, thirty more seconds of plot.† â€Å"Does it mean anything?† â€Å"Hell if I know.† I narrowed my eyes. â€Å"You are the worst dream interpreter ever.† â€Å"Nah.† He rested his chin in his hand, elbow propped on the table. His expression was typically lazy. â€Å"I’m a very good interpreter. There’s nothing to interpret in your dream, though, unless it’s just your subconscious lamenting your infertility. Which is likely. It also suggests you have bad taste in music. Is ‘Sweet Home Alabama’ really playing each time?† Now I sighed. â€Å"The dreams clearly aren’t prophetic either since we know it’s impossible for you to have a kid.† He drummed his fingers on the table, face thoughtful. â€Å"You sure you might not adopt or something?† â€Å"She was mine,† I said firmly. â€Å"My own flesh and blood. I could feel it.† â€Å"Okay. Far be it from me to argue delusional maternal instincts. But like I said, it doesn’t really matter. The content, I mean. What matters here, I guess, is the energy loss.† I could have hugged him. â€Å"Finally, someone fucking thinks that’s important.† â€Å"It’s a pattern now. Can’t really blame it on anomaly anymore.† â€Å"So what’s it mean?† â€Å"You sure you want the opinion of the worst dream interpreter ever?† â€Å"Good grief! Get on with it.† â€Å"If you were human, I’d say without a doubt that you were being preyed on.† I flinched. â€Å"What? What do you mean?† He reached across the table and caught my hand, flipping it over absentmindedly while he thought. I was too caught on the word preyed to care about him touching me. Little Kayla’s words popped into my head. They’re monsters. They swoop in the air and go in people’s dreams. â€Å"You and I both know there are plenty of supernatural beings walking the world. Some walk the dreamworld and don’t really have humans’ best intentions at heart. Not that you do either. And honestly, some aren’t too different from you. They crave human life and energy, and they can suck it out of dreams.† â€Å"But they can’t do that to me?† â€Å"Mmm.† He let go of my hand. â€Å"I don’t see how. You don’t make your own energy. You steal it too. But who knows?† I shivered. The idea of some creature – some parasitic creature – latching on and sucking out my life made me ill. I was fully aware of the hypocrisy, however, seeing as I did the exact same thing all the time. â€Å"So†¦what kind of creature might be capable of doing that?† â€Å"Dunno. Not my specialty.† â€Å"But you’re a dream expert! Shouldn’t you know about dream†¦creatures?† â€Å"Supernatural creatures are Erik’s thing, not mine. You should ask him.† â€Å"You’re the worst dream interpreter ever.† â€Å"So I hear.† His earlier seriousness flitted away. â€Å"So†¦are we going to have sex now?† I stood up. â€Å"No! Of course not.† Dante threw his hands up. â€Å"What more do you want? I actually gave you useful information this time. And it’s not like you couldn’t use the fix – small or no.† â€Å"It’s more than that,† I said. Suddenly, I hesitated. â€Å"I†¦I know you now.† â€Å"What’s that supposed to mean?† â€Å"If you were some anonymous guy, there might be a chance. But now you’re like a†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Friend wasn’t quite the word I was looking for. â€Å"†¦an acquaintance.† He appeared genuinely baffled for once. It was almost amusing. â€Å"I’m really not following this, succubus.† â€Å"I’ve got a boyfriend, remember? When I have anonymous, casual sex, it’s not really cheating. But if I do it with someone†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"†¦you like?† Was it my imagination, or was there something hopeful in his eyes when he asked that? â€Å"No, I don’t think I like you. But I don’t exactly dislike you either. The point is, you aren’t anonymous. It would be cheating.† He stared at me for several moments, and whatever glimmer of hope I thought I’d seen was definitely gone. â€Å"No wonder succubi are so good at passing as human women. You’ve certainly got the head games and complete lack of rationality down.† â€Å"I’ve got to go.† â€Å"You always have to go. Where to now? Some anonymous guy?† I rose. â€Å"No, I’m going to find Erik and see if he can actually give me useful information.† â€Å"I did give you useful information!† â€Å"Debatable.† â€Å"Well, let me lock up, and we’ll see what Lancaster has to say.† I froze. â€Å"What do you mean ‘we’?† Dante grabbed some keys from behind the counter. â€Å"You’ve piqued my curiosity. I want to see how this turns out. Besides, you owe me for my help, seeing as you won’t put out.† â€Å"‘Help,’ indeed,† I muttered. He walked to the door with me. â€Å"Did it ever occur to you that in spite of how unuseful you think I am, I’m still kind of concerned about what happens to you?† â€Å"No,† I said. â€Å"It actually hadn’t.† But I let him go with me over to Arcana, Ltd. When we stepped inside, we found Erik unpacking a box of books. He smiled without looking up, having sensed me. â€Å"Miss Kincaid, always a – † He stopped when he noticed Dante. For the first time in our friendship, I saw Erik look angry. It was disturbing. Frightening, even. â€Å"Mr. Moriarty.† Dante nodded his greeting. â€Å"Always nice to see you.† The expression on Erik’s face showed the feelings weren’t mutual. He straightened up from his work and walked over to the counter. Crossing his arms over his chest, he peered at both of us. â€Å"What can I do for you?† No cordial host or tea chats today. The air between the two men suddenly felt thick and oppressive. I spoke uncertainly. â€Å"We†¦that is, Dante thinks he has an answer to my dream problems.† Dante laughed, wearing his trademark smirk. If he bore Erik the same animosity, he was hiding it well. â€Å"I wouldn’t call it an answer, succubus. More like a theory.† â€Å"I’ve had the dream again,† I told Erik. â€Å"More than once now. And I still keep losing my energy. Dante says it could be some kind of†¦dream creature preying on me.† I stumbled over the words. The concept was still too ludicrous. â€Å"But he didn’t know what kind. He said you might know.† Erik shifted his eyes from Dante to me. I could tell the old man was still unhappy about us being there together, but he cared about me too much and couldn’t stop himself from helping me. I wondered at what point over the years I had earned such regard. And how. He sighed and gestured us to the table. We all sat down, but no tea was offered. â€Å"Something like that going after a succubus is hard to imagine,† Erik said at last. â€Å"That’s what I thought,† said Dante. His lighthearted mask had slipped a little. He looked much as he had in the store, thoughtful and curious. He reminded me of a mechanical engineer I’d once known. The guy couldn’t help himself when it came to fixing some technical problem. Give him something in pieces, and he had to analyze it and figure it out. Dante might give me a hard time, but his nature, corrupt or not, couldn’t stay away from this. Erik’s eyes studied me, hard and intent. I was an intriguing puzzle for him too. â€Å"If I had to pick†¦I’d say the symptoms most match Oneroi.† I’d heard of them. They’d been in the Greek myths I’d grown up with. â€Å"Dream spirits?† Dante considered. â€Å"More than spirits. They’re the children of Nyx and Erebus.† I shuddered. I’d heard of them too. Nyx and Erebus. Night and Darkness. Primordial entities of chaos. They were powerful and dangerous. The world had been born of chaos, true, but it was also a fact – even science agreed – that the universe was always trying to move back toward chaos. Nyx and Erebus were destructive – so much so that they were now locked away, lest they tear the world apart. The possibility that their children could be sucking away my life made me feel sick again. Dante was still turning this theory over in his head. â€Å"Yeah, that’d be the closest. But they still don’t match one hundred percent.† â€Å"Nothing does,† admitted Erik. â€Å"I’ve never heard of anything attacking a succubus.† â€Å"What do Oneroi do exactly?† I asked. The two men exchanged glances, each waiting for the other to explain. Erik was the one who stepped up. â€Å"They visit mortals in their dreams and feed off the emotions such dreams stir up. Victims of Oneroi wake up drained and sick.† More irony. Legend said that succubi visited men in their dreams too and took their life. â€Å"That’s what’s happening to me,† I argued. â€Å"Why couldn’t it be them?† â€Å"It could be them,† agreed Dante, â€Å"but like we said, the details don’t fit. Oneroi can seize control and shape what you dream. But the dreams they stir up are usually nightmares. Fear and other dark emotions tend to be more intense – they offer more for the Oneroi to feed off of. Your dreams are short, and they’re†¦fluffy.† â€Å"Fluffy?† â€Å"Well, I don’t know. Not nightmares. They’re intriguing to you. They bring out emotions – fascinated, happy emotions. They’re giving you visceral reactions, I suppose, but not the type that the Oneroi usually go after.† â€Å"And,† continued Erik, â€Å"there’s also the fact that you aren’t an ideal choice for them. You’re inefficient. You’re a conduit, a link to the mortal world and their energy. If Oneroi are stealing from you, they have to wait for you to get your power from someone else first. Far simpler for them to take directly from a human.† I suddenly realized I’d forgotten something. â€Å"One other weird thing happened†¦more than the energy loss†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I explained about waking up feeling cold and wet. â€Å"I guess that’s kind of weird,† said Dante, â€Å"but I don’t know that it’s really related to this.† â€Å"Well, except later that day, I read this article about a guy who went crazy and tried to swim across the Sound. He thought it would help his family – and it did because he drowned and they got his insurance money. When I read the article, the wet and cold feeling came back. It was like†¦for a second, I was him. I felt exactly what he’d felt. Like I was drowning too.† â€Å"Empathy,† said Dante. â€Å"You read it and imagined what it must be like.† â€Å"No.† I frowned, trying to bring the feeling back. â€Å"I†¦I felt him. I knew it was him I was feeling. That guy. The same way I knew the girl was my daughter. It was in my gut.† Dante looked annoyed. â€Å"Would have been helpful to know this earlier.† â€Å"I forgot. I didn’t really see it as relevant until now.† â€Å"Have you ever had anything like this happen before? Knowledge of something you didn’t experience?† â€Å"I don’t think so.† Erik glanced at Dante. â€Å"Clairvoyance?† â€Å"I don’t know. Unlikely. Too many variables. None of them mesh.† Dante turned his gaze back on me. â€Å"Have you talked to your own people about this?† I shook my head. â€Å"Jerome’s been gone. I mentioned the first dream before he left, but he didn’t seem very concerned.† â€Å"Well, I don’t know what to make of it,† Dante said. â€Å"Nor I,† said Erik kindly. â€Å"But I will look into this for you.† â€Å"Thanks,† I told him. â€Å"I really appreciate it.† We stood up, and like that, the momentary truce between Erik and Dante vanished. Erik looked stormy once more. Dante appeared smug and condescending. â€Å"Miss Kincaid,† Erik began stiffly. â€Å"You know I have nothing but the highest regard for you, and I am more than happy to assist you in any way you need. I also recognize that Mr. Moriarty can also offer you help. But I would prefer it if†¦Ã¢â‚¬  â€Å"†¦if you don’t bring me around anymore,† finished Dante. He saluted. â€Å"Noted, old man. Meet you at the car, succubus.† He turned and walked out of the shop. Erik’s mood didn’t vanish with Dante’s departure. I could still sense the fury radiating from him. Erik had said Dante was corrupt, but really, so was I. Erik didn’t have this kind of reaction around me. There was something I was missing here. â€Å"I’m sorry,† I told Erik. â€Å"I didn’t know it would bother you so much.† â€Å"You couldn’t have known,† he replied wearily. â€Å"And after all, I was the one who directed you to him.† â€Å"I’ll keep him away,† I promised. I thanked him again and went out to meet Dante. He leaned against my car, his thoughts obscured by a lazy smile. â€Å"Why does Erik hate you so much?† I asked. Dante glanced down at me. â€Å"Because I’m a bad man who does bad things.† â€Å"There’s more to it than that,† I said. â€Å"And you don’t seem that bad. The worst things you’ve done are trick customers and offer useless information. Although†¦well, you actually were pretty helpful just now. But like I said, I don’t think you’re as bad as your reputation implies.† â€Å"How would you know?† I shrugged. â€Å"Instinct.† In one swift motion, Dante snaked his hand behind my neck and pulled me to him. I put a hand on his chest and started to push him away and then stopped. There was a warmth in his body, the eagerness of a man who’d been deprived of something for a very long time. To my surprise, I felt arousal burning in me – a yearning of my own to touch someone who wasn’t all business. I experienced that feeling a lot, and it usually got me into trouble. My succubus nature woke up, wondering if energy might be on its way. And despite my lofty talk earlier about not sleeping with people I was acquainted with, I suddenly wanted him to kiss me. I wanted his energy – just a taste. His mouth moved toward mine. I started to close my eyes and part my lips – then, abruptly, he stiffened. Releasing me, he stepped back. I opened my eyes, staring in astonishment. â€Å"What the hell?† I asked. â€Å"You backed off. And after all the grief you’ve given me about sleeping with you.† â€Å"You’re drained and hungry, succubus,† he said. â€Å"It’d be like taking advantage of a drunk girl.† â€Å"Right. And you’ve never done anything like that.† â€Å"Yeah, well, I’m not eighteen anymore.† He opened the car door. â€Å"Are we going or not?† I studied him a bit longer, thinking again I saw that hope and compassion from earlier. I was starting to wonder if a lot of his cattiness was just bravado, hiding the same insecurities everyone in the world had. I kept my psychoanalysis to myself, however, and joined him in the car. We drove back to his shop, our usual flippant banter obscuring anything serious that might have happened. How to cite Succubus Dreams CHAPTER 12, Essay examples

Dilation and Curettage Procedure free essay sample

A dilation and curettage procedure, also known as a DC, is a surgical procedure in which the cervix (lower, narrow part of the uterus) is dilated so that the uterine lining (endometrium) can be scraped with a curette instrument in order to remove abnormal tissues. During the dilation and curettage procedure, the patient is placed in supine position of the body with the legs separated, flexed, and supported in raised stirrups. The doctor inserts a speculum into the vagina, as during a pelvic exam, in order to see the cervix. Then, the cervix is slowly dilated by inserting a series f thicker and thicker rods into the cervix until its adequately opened, usually to between 6 and 9 millimeters in diameter. After dilation, a curette is inserted to begin removing tissue. Although the DC involves no stitches or cuts, the cervix is cleansed with an antiseptic solution. A dilation and curettage can be done as day-surgery or may require an overnight stay in the hospital. It is recommended that before the surgery, the patient take nothing by mouth (food, water, etc. for at least 6 hours before the scheduled operation. Before surgery or during the previous night, a bath maybe is advisable since it helps lower the bacterial count and lessen the chances of any infection from surgery. The genital area is shaved in order to begin skin preparation. Skin preparation begins at the pubic symphysis and extends downward over the labia. Next, each inner thigh is cleansed. After, the vaginal vault and cervix are cleansed using three spongesticks. Spongesticks must be discarded after wiping the anus. The patients bladder is drained with a straight catheter to prevent the ladder from compromising the field. Once the patient has been prepared, a drape sheet is tucked under the buttocks, followed by leggings and a drape sheet over the abdomen. For a dilation and curettage procedure, a scrub tech sets up the instruments on the back table, but he/she is not needed during the procedure. The surgeons take the instruments, such as Overstreet Endometrial Polyp Forceps, Skene Vulsellum Tenaculum, Schroeder Braun Tenaculum, directly off the back table themselves. Besides a Dilatation and curettage tray, a small basin, water-soluble lubricant, a Telfa for specimen), perineal pad and sanitary napkin belt will also be needed on the back table for the dilation and curettage procedure. An antiembolism hose may be requested. A dilation and curettage may be used as a diagnostic or therapeutic procedure for abnormal bleeding. A dilation and curettage procedure can also be performed to determine the cause of abnormal or excessive uterine bleeding, to detect cancer, or as part of an infertility investigation. Causes of abnormal bleeding include the presence of abnormal tissues, such as fibroid tumors (benign tumors that evelop in the uterus, also called myomas) polyps, or cancer of the endometrium or uterus. Abnormal uterine bleeding may also be due to a hormone imbalance or disorder when approaching menopause or after menopause. A dilation and curettage may also be performed following a miscarriage to remove the fetus and other tissues if they have not all been naturally passed. Infection or heavy bleeding can occur if these tissues are not completely removed. Occasionally following not passed, which can cause bleeding or infection. A dilation and curettage is used to emove these fragments so that the endometrium can heal properly. For the dilation and curettage procedure, there is general anesthesia, regional anesthesia and local anesthesia. General anesthesia is given through either a breathing mask or an intravenous (V) catheter. The IV may be placed in a vein in the patients hand, arm or neck. The patient may have a breathing tube inserted through their mouth and into their windpipe to make sure theyre breathing properly. General anesthesia relaxes the muscles, which makes it easier for the doctor to perform a pelvic exam. Regional nesthesia is injected into the area around the spinal cord, blocking any pain during the procedure. Local anesthesia, which is most common, is injected directly into and around the cervix to numb the area. The patient also receives a sedative from an IV. The dilation and curettage procedure has a low risk of serious complications. The most common complication that can occur is perforation of the uterus with either the dilators or the curette. When this happens, as long as no internal organs such as intestines, bladder, or rectum, or large blood vessels are damaged, the hole will lmost always heal itself without further surgery. The risk for this problem is increased in patients with a narrowed opening to the cervix (cervical stenosis) or in patients with distorted internal uterine anatomy. This risk is also increased if the uterus is infected or has undergone previous surgeries such as cesarean sections or myomectomies. Injury to the cervix is another possible complication. Tears or cuts in the cervix can usually be treated by application of pressure and application of local medications to stop bleeding. In some cases, stitches in the cervix may be required, ut this is not common. Other complications, as with any surgery, include bleeding and infection. Most bleeding is mild and resolves on its own. Infection is also rare and can normally be managed with oral antibiotics. On occasion, in patients with certain heart defects, the surgeon may give the patient antibiotics before and after the surgery to prevent bacteria from the vagina from infecting the heart valves. It is normal to experience vaginal bleeding and/or pelvic cramping for a few days after a dilation and curettage procedure.

Transworld Auto Parts Essay Thesis Example For Students

Transworld Auto Parts Essay Thesis Problem Definition: Which of the two balanced scorecard approaches better illustrates how Transports Auto Parts can improve their ROCK by given the current economic downturn? Situational Analysis: Transports Auto Parts belongs in the automobile manufacturing industry. This industry is very susceptible to industry trends and changes because much of the industrys sales depends on the external environment which affects both consumer and supplier behavior. During 2008 when the economy experienced a global recession, many auto makers such as Chrysler and General Motors were on the brink of insolvency due to the decline in car sales, Utilizing the PESTLE framework to better understand the macro-environment, the recession reflects economic factors in the external environment which can influence the industry. The recession affected consumers in the sense that they possessed less disposable income, causing them to be less inclined to purchase new cars during this time. However, other aspects of the external environment can benefit firms within this industry gore example, faith the rising automobile production in Asia, many suppliers can consider global expansion and developing sales in international markets. We will write a custom essay on Transworld Auto Parts Thesis specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Many car manufacturers in Asia possess low labor costs ND a great demand in local markets, so suppliers within the industry have this opportunity to expand. Not only is it important to consider the industry and external environment in which TAP operates in, it is also important to analyze its internal resources and capabilities in order to better understand the company. TAP currently has operations in four different customer-centered divisions: luxury, economy, medicine, and truck. However, TAP decided to only focus on improving their luxury and economy division because these two divisions will allow TAP to compete aggressively and make the most profit, according to their search. Each of the separate divisions is managed by a separate manager and supporting staff. This allows Ellen Bright, CEO of TAP to distinguish results from each division and form her own board of directors to make strategic decisions. TAP flourishes with this hierarchical structure because it allows the company to micromanage each separate divisions profitability for the company and for it to implement any changes when necessary. Strategy: Tater Bright decided to cut the other two divisions, each manager from the luxury and economy division respectively were assigned to create a balanced score card to describe their objectives on how to improve their division and what must be done to achieve their parent companys target goal of an 8% return on capital employed GROCER). Gerhardt, president of the luxury division presented a balanced score card that was simple yet with focused objectives for each aspect of the balanced score card. For example, the financial perspective contained 4 main goals: increase ROCK, increase cash flow, increase revenue, and increase gross margin. The customer perspective simply included: improve customer satisfaction, manage innovation, and initiation customer R;D partnerships. Similarly, the process perspective included two main goals: reduce raw materials cost and maintain quality leadership. Lastly, the learning and growth perspective only included one objective: increase employee engagement. On the other hand, Swoon, president of the economy division took a more complex and descriptive approach with the balanced score card. He went into detail about each of the four perspectives and proposed very specific, action-oriented goals. He had similar financial perspective objectives, but each of the other perspectives contained about four or five different objectives. For example, the learning and growth perspective contained six objectives: train buyers on low cost procurement, enhance electronic interchanges with customers and suppliers, transform workforce into CIT/lean experts, make CIT/lean a priority for all workers, alight IT to support TTS and CIT, and enhance workforce capabilities in TTS. Both approaches of the balanced score card aim to attain similar overall goals. .uec33bcf87a85afadd4f621d48eb9a088 , .uec33bcf87a85afadd4f621d48eb9a088 .postImageUrl , .uec33bcf87a85afadd4f621d48eb9a088 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uec33bcf87a85afadd4f621d48eb9a088 , .uec33bcf87a85afadd4f621d48eb9a088:hover , .uec33bcf87a85afadd4f621d48eb9a088:visited , .uec33bcf87a85afadd4f621d48eb9a088:active { border:0!important; } .uec33bcf87a85afadd4f621d48eb9a088 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uec33bcf87a85afadd4f621d48eb9a088 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uec33bcf87a85afadd4f621d48eb9a088:active , .uec33bcf87a85afadd4f621d48eb9a088:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uec33bcf87a85afadd4f621d48eb9a088 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uec33bcf87a85afadd4f621d48eb9a088 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uec33bcf87a85afadd4f621d48eb9a088 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uec33bcf87a85afadd4f621d48eb9a088 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uec33bcf87a85afadd4f621d48eb9a088:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uec33bcf87a85afadd4f621d48eb9a088 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uec33bcf87a85afadd4f621d48eb9a088 .uec33bcf87a85afadd4f621d48eb9a088-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uec33bcf87a85afadd4f621d48eb9a088:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Factors contributing to the su EssayBelow are some pros and cons for each approach: Luxury Division- Pros: focusing goals in broad chunks make it easier to attain, with attainable goals employees are happier, creating healthier company morale Cons: too impel without specifically stating what actions must be taken in order to meet objectives, might cause confusion among employees Economy Division- Pros: very detailed with specific measures and actions on how to achieve Objectives Cons: may seem to expect too much from employees, Which makes goal appear to be and discourage employees Action Plan: After analyzing both approaches to the balanced score card, the economy divisio n presented a more well thought out and action specific plan to reach the companys target goal.

The Japanese Christmas Song Awatenbou no Santakuroosu

The Japanese Christmas Song Awatenbou no Santakuroosu Christmas has become a popular celebration in Japan, even though less than one percent of the Japanese are Christian. However, Christmas is not a family time in Japan. In fact, it is not even a national holiday. December 23rd, though, is a holiday because it is the birthday of the present emperor. Most Japanese work on Christmas day, just like any other day. On the other hand, New Years Day is an important holiday where families get together and have a special feast. So, how do the Japanese celebrate Christmas? It is a time for lovers to have a romantic dinner and give presents, much like St Valentines Day. The media now really push Christmas Eve as being a time for romance. Thats why Christmas Eve is more important in Japan than Christmas day itself. Fancy restaurants and hotels are often booked solid at this time. In December, Christmas classics are played everywhere. Most popular Japanese Christmas songs are for lovers. Here is a Japanese Christmas song for children called, Awatenbou no Santakuroosu (Hasty Santa Claus). You can check out the animated version of Awatenbou no Santakuroosu on Youtube. The Lyrics of Awatenbou no Santakuroosu 㠁‚ã‚ Ã£  ¦Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  ¼Ã£ â€ Ã£  ®Ã£â€š µÃ£Æ' ³Ã£â€š ¿Ã£â€š ¯Ã£Æ' ­Ã£Æ' ¼Ã£â€š ¹Ã£â€š ¯Ã£Æ' ªÃ£â€š ¹Ã£Æ'žã‚ ¹Ã£  ¾Ã£ Ë†Ã£  « や㠁 £Ã£  ¦Ã£  Ã£ Å¸Ã£ â€žÃ£  Ã£ â€žÃ£  § ãÆ' ªÃ£Æ' ³Ã£Æ' ªÃ£Æ' ³Ã£Æ' ªÃ£Æ' ³Ã£ â€žÃ£  Ã£ â€žÃ£  § ãÆ' ªÃ£Æ' ³Ã£Æ' ªÃ£Æ' ³Ã£Æ' ªÃ£Æ' ³Ã© ³ ´Ã£â€šâ€°Ã£ â€"㠁 ¦Ã£ Å Ã£  Ã£â€šÅ'よ é ËœÃ£â€šâ€™Ã£Æ' ªÃ£Æ' ³Ã£Æ' ªÃ£Æ' ³Ã£Æ' ªÃ£Æ' ³ ãÆ' ªÃ£Æ' ³Ã£Æ' ªÃ£Æ' ³Ã£Æ' ªÃ£Æ' ³Ã£Æ' ªÃ£Æ' ³Ã£Æ' ªÃ£Æ' ³Ã£Æ' ªÃ£Æ' ³ 㠁‚ã‚ Ã£  ¦Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  ¼Ã£ â€ Ã£  ®Ã£â€š µÃ£Æ' ³Ã£â€š ¿Ã£â€š ¯Ã£Æ' ­Ã£Æ' ¼Ã£â€š ¹Ã£ Ë†Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  ¨Ã£  ¤Ã£  ®Ã£ Å¾Ã£ â€žÃ£  ¦ è  ½Ã£  £Ã£ â€œÃ£  ¡Ã£ Å¸Ã£ â€šÃ£ â€žÃ£ Å¸Ã£ Å¸ ãÆ'‰ãÆ' ³Ã£Æ'‰ãÆ' ³Ã£Æ'‰ãÆ' ³Ã£ â€šÃ£ â€žÃ£ Å¸Ã£ Å¸ ãÆ'‰ãÆ' ³Ã£Æ'‰ãÆ' ³Ã£Æ'‰ãÆ' ³Ã£  ¾Ã£  £Ã£  Ã£â€š Ã£  Ã£â€š Ã£ â€˜Ã£  ® 㠁Šé ¡â€Ã£Æ'‰ãÆ' ³Ã£Æ'‰ãÆ' ³Ã£Æ'‰ãÆ' ³ ãÆ'‰ãÆ' ³Ã£Æ'‰ãÆ' ³Ã£Æ'‰ãÆ' ³Ã£Æ'‰ãÆ' ³Ã£Æ'‰ãÆ' ³Ã£Æ'‰ãÆ' ³ 㠁‚ã‚ Ã£  ¦Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  ¼Ã£ â€ Ã£  ®Ã£â€š µÃ£Æ' ³Ã£â€š ¿Ã£â€š ¯Ã£Æ' ­Ã£Æ' ¼Ã£â€š ¹Ã£ â€"㠁‹ã Å¸Ã£ Å'㠁 ªÃ£ â€žÃ£ â€¹Ã£â€šâ€° è ¸Å Ã£  £Ã£ Å¸Ã£â€šË†Ã¦ ¥ ½Ã£ â€"㠁  ãÆ' Ã£Æ' £Ã£Æ' Ã£Æ' £Ã£Æ' Ã£Æ' £Ã¦ ¥ ½Ã£ â€"㠁  ãÆ' Ã£Æ' £Ã£Æ' Ã£Æ' £Ã£Æ' Ã£Æ' £Ã£  ¿Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  ªÃ£â€šâ€šÃ¨ ¸Å Ã£â€š Ã£â€šË† Ã¥Æ'•ã  ¨Ã£Æ' Ã£Æ' £Ã£Æ' Ã£Æ' £Ã£Æ' Ã£Æ' £ ãÆ' Ã£Æ' £Ã£Æ' Ã£Æ' £Ã£Æ' Ã£Æ' £Ã£Æ' Ã£Æ' £Ã£Æ' Ã£Æ' £Ã£Æ' Ã£Æ' £ 㠁‚ã‚ Ã£  ¦Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  ¼Ã£ â€ Ã£  ®Ã£â€š µÃ£Æ' ³Ã£â€š ¿Ã£â€š ¯Ã£Æ' ­Ã£Æ' ¼Ã£â€š ¹Ã£â€šâ€šÃ£ â€žÃ£  ¡Ã£  ©Ã¦  ¥Ã£â€šâ€¹Ã£â€šË†Ã£  ¨ Ã¥ ¸ °Ã£  £Ã£  ¦Ã£  Ã£ â€¢Ã£â€šË†Ã£  ªÃ£â€šâ€° ã‚ ·Ã£Æ' £Ã£Æ' ©Ã£Æ' ©Ã£Æ' ³Ã£Æ' ©Ã£Æ' ³Ã£ â€¢Ã£â€šË†Ã£  ªÃ£â€šâ€° ã‚ ·Ã£Æ' £Ã£Æ' ©Ã£Æ' ©Ã£Æ' ³Ã£Æ' ©Ã£Æ' ³Ã£â€š ¿Ã£Æ' ³Ã£Æ'â€"ãÆ' ªÃ£Æ' ³Ã© ³ ´Ã£â€šâ€°Ã£ â€"㠁 ¦Ã¦ ¶Ë†Ã£ Ë†Ã£ Å¸Ã£â€š ·Ã£Æ' £Ã£Æ' ©Ã£Æ' ©Ã£Æ' ³Ã£Æ' ©Ã£Æ' ³ ã‚ ·Ã£Æ' £Ã£Æ' ©Ã£Æ' ©Ã£Æ' ³Ã£Æ' ©Ã£Æ' ³Ã£â€š ·Ã£Æ' £Ã£Æ' ©Ã£Æ' ©Ã£Æ' ³Ã£Æ' ©Ã£Æ' ³ 㠁‚ã‚ Ã£  ¦Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£  ¼Ã£ â€ Ã£  ®Ã£â€š µÃ£Æ' ³Ã£â€š ¿Ã£â€š ¯Ã£Æ' ­Ã£Æ' ¼Ã£â€š ¹Ã£â€šâ€ Ã£ â€¹Ã£ â€žÃ£  ªÃ£ Å Ã£  ²Ã£ â€™Ã£  ® 㠁Šã ËœÃ£ â€žÃ£ â€¢Ã£â€šâ€œÃ£Æ' ªÃ£Æ' ³Ã£Æ' ªÃ£Æ' ³Ã£Æ' ªÃ£Æ' ³ ãÆ' Ã£Æ' £Ã£Æ' Ã£Æ' £Ã£Æ' Ã£Æ' £Ã£Æ'‰ãÆ' ³Ã£Æ'‰ãÆ' ³Ã£Æ'‰ãÆ' ³ ã‚ ·Ã£Æ' £Ã£Æ' ©Ã£Æ' ©Ã£Æ' ³Ã£Æ' ©Ã£Æ' ³Ã£â€š Ã£ â„¢Ã£â€šÅ'㠁 ¡Ã£â€šÆ'㠁  Ã£â€š Ã£   Ã£â€šË† 㠁Šã‚‚㠁 ¡Ã£â€šÆ'ã‚ ·Ã£Æ' £Ã£Æ' ©Ã£Æ' ©Ã£Æ' ³ ãÆ' ªÃ£Æ' ³ ãÆ' Ã£Æ' £Ã£Æ' Ã£Æ' £Ã£Æ' Ã£Æ' £Ã£Æ'‰ãÆ' ³ ã‚ ·Ã£Æ' £Ã£Æ' ©Ã£Æ' ©Ã£Æ' ³ Romaji Translation Awatenbou no SantakuroosuKurisumasu mae ni yattekitaIsoide rin rin rinIsoide rin rin rinNarashite okure yo kane oRin rin rin rin rin rinRin rin rin Awatenbou no SantakuroosuEntotsu nozoite okkochitaAitata don don donAitata don don donMakkuro kuro ke no okaoDon don don don don donDon don don Awatenbou no SantakuroosuShikataganaikara odotta yoTanoshiku cha cha chaTanoshiku cha cha chaMinna mo odoro yo boku toCha cha cha cha cha chaCha cha cha Awatenbou no SantakuroosuMo ichido kuru yo to kaettekuSayonara shara ran ranSayonara shara ran ranTanburin narashite kietaShara ran ran Shara ran ranShara ran ran Awatenbou no SantakuroosuYukaina ohige no ojiisanRin rin rin Cha cha chaDon don don Shara ran ranWasurecha dame da yo omochaShara ran rin cha cha chaDon shara ran The Use of ~bou Awatenbou means, a hasty person. ~bou is attached to some words and expresses ~ person, ~ person who does ~ in an affectionate or ridiculing manner. Here are some examples: Okorinbou 怒りんå Å  - a short-tempered or irritable personKechinbou 㠁‘㠁 ¡Ã£â€šâ€œÃ¥ Å  - a stingy person; a miserAmaenbou 甘㠁ˆã‚“å Å  - a pampered or spoiled person.Kikanbou 㠁 Ã£ â€¹Ã£â€šâ€œÃ¥ Å  - a naughty or unruly personAbarenbou æš ´Ã£â€šÅ'ã‚“å Å  - a rough or disorderly person.Kuishinbou é £Å¸Ã£ â€žÃ£ â€"ã‚“å Å  - a gourmandWasurenbou Ã¥ ¿ËœÃ£â€šÅ'ã‚“å Å  - a forgetful person The Prefix ma Makkuro means as black as ink. Ma is a prefix to emphasize the noun that comes after ma. The Japanese title for Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer is Makkana ohana no tonakai-san. Lets look at some words that include ma. Makka çÅ"Ÿã  £Ã¨ µ ¤ - bright redMakkuro çÅ"Ÿã  £Ã© »â€™ - black as inkMasshiro çÅ"Ÿã  £Ã§â„¢ ½ - pure whiteMassao çÅ"Ÿã  £Ã© â€™ - deep blueManatsu çÅ"Ÿå ¤  - the middle of summerMafuyu çÅ"Ÿå† ¬ - the middle of winterMakkura çÅ"Ÿã  £Ã¦Å¡â€" - pitch-darkMasski - at the very firstMapputateu - right in twoMassara - brand new The Prefix o The prefix o is added to kao (face) and hige (beard; mustache) for politeness. Again, the title Makkana ohana no tonakai-san (Rudolph the Red Nosed Reindeer) includes the use of the prefix o as well. Hana means nose and ohana is the polite form of hana. Onomatopoeic Expressions There are many onomatopoeic expressions used in songs. They are words that describe sound or action directly. Rin rin describes a ringing sound, in this case the sound of a bell. Don expresses thud and boom. It is used to describe the sound that Santa Claus makes as he comes down a chimney.

Art Ceramic vessels based on the theme of urban landscape, modern Essay

Art Ceramic vessels based on the theme of urban landscape, modern modern architect and looking at artists works - Essay Example In the beginning, ceramic pieces served two purposes: functional and decorative purposes. Early potters created their pieces so that they may be used as pieces of tableware, crockery or other functional items. With time, potters began exploring the limits of ceramic art. They introduced art pieces that carried no functional purpose and yet became master pieces for the thought they represented. Contemporary ceramic artist had moved from functional to aesthetic to experimental and even to garish pieces. The diversity added by these artists adds more charm to the art. In this paper, I would be exploring my ceramic pieces that I have developed for this course. The art pieces that I have developed have been inspired from contemporary ceramic artists including Ken Eastman and Alison Britton. This art form explores how vessels can be reshaped to acquire the form of architectural landscapes; and most specifically modern architectural buildings. I have reflected upon my art pieces in reflecti on with the work of other notable ceramic artists. While I have found certain lacking in my art forms, I believe that my art is in the right direction. This paper will discuss contemporary artists also while reflecting on their art pieces and the idea behind these pieces. Ceramic Art Ceramic Art is a three dimensional art form whereby objects from clay are made. These include pots, tableware, tiles and many other figures. The process of converting clay into figures is known as pottery. The word ceramic is derived from the Greek word Keramikos, meaning pottery. While clay is the main material used in ceramics, artists nowadays experiment with different inorganic material and the art produced is still termed as ceramic art. Ceramic Art, like any other art form, can be completed through different techniques. There are four basic methods through which pottery can be produced. These include hand work, wheel work, slip casting and slab building technique. Often a combination of two is use d to complete a piece. Hand work is one of the most basic and primitive methods of producing pottery where the potter uses a ball of clay to fashion a piece of pottery with his hands. Because of the inconsistency in design, many potters prefer wheel work. In wheel work, a potter’s wheel is employed where the potter places a ball of clay in the wheel head. With the help of a foot pedal, the wheel is turned and the potter gives shape to his piece through pressing, squeezing or pulling. The advantage of the wheel work is that is allows the designer to produce similar mass products. These products can also be altered through bulging, fluting, faceting, carving, incising or impressing the pieces. Often a combination of wheel work and hand work is employed where hand work is used to finish of the pieces. Potters add handles, feet, lids and other design elements to the original piece through handwork. The third technique, slip casting is preferred to create small delicate pieces. It involves the use of mold whereby liquid clay is poured within the molds, dried and then removed. Slab building technique is another technique that is preferred by contemporary ceramic artists and came from the Mesoamerican Pre-Columbian ceramists. In this technique, the clay or any other material is rolled out through the help of the rolling pin. Once the clay is rolled out, it acquires a soft finish which can easily be molded into the required shape. A ceramist might use a number of

Need to have a great topic for this term papeer Paper

Need to have a great topic for this papeer - Term Paper Example Cooper argues that Jamaican dancehall culture brings to the fore the animal nature of males and females, violence and sex being recurrent themes therein. Cooper notes that while women are always portrayed as mindless bodies their function primarily being to provide the males with sexual pleasure, the theatrical message that it brings out is that the woman’s body has absolute authority and that men give homage to the woman’s principle. In other words, the woman’s fertility and sexuality is ritualized in a manner that the not so keen eye may easily ignore. Dancehall is basically speechifying with accompaniments of music like basic drum beat. In the past, dancehall’s lyrical contents were violent, and this made it to encounter a lot of criticisms of rival raga performers. In performance, sound clash dancehall is more of dance and addresses cultural issues like gender equality. On the other hand, calypso is slower, more political and music driven. Dancehall ra ises your feet into dancing, even is you were under stress because once you hear it, you just dance because you can’t help. ... She gives an analysis of sound clashes that are experienced in the Jamaican dancehall culture movement across boarders. Cooper defends the dancehall culture stating that in its explicit homoerotic nature, the dancehall is a place where women derive liberation outside the rigid social conventions of daily routine. The female gender also gets in control even as her identity is misrepresented by the culture. Cooper’s argument and thought Cooper joins in the argument that seeks to challenge the problem of social inequality through the hybridization of the dance hall culture in form of the aesthetics that hint to the American culture. This is infused into the Kingston hardships which she argues are the agents of the social inequality. This is a feature in the Jamaican Dancehall Culture that has indeed served as a highlight to the plight of the socially alienated groups within the society. The alienation is manifested in terms of reggae fusion, anti-gay lyrics and the dance fusion. It has in every sense helped to bring forth the fears of social degradation due to the overshadowing effect of the popular culture. Analysis of Sound Clash: Jamaican Dancehall Culture at Large, Carolyn Cooper Many types of music portray women as weaker sex that can easily be sexually exploited. They are portrayed naked in the dance floor, as well on video and books covers. However, Carolyn Cooper, as a cultural studies lecturer tries to change this view in Sound Clash: Jamaican dancehall culture. She attempts to fight this moral decay in the society, by replacing it with values that show respect for women. However, men are portrayed as decent beings, but only in dressing, in the society. They dress properly, but

Analysis of Herzbergs Two-factor Theory

Analysis of Herzbergs Two-factor Theory Guided by the question what employees in the information society of the twenty-first century perceive as relevant for their personal motivation in comparison to Herzberg’s two-factor theory this dissertation presents a qualitative study conducted with a group of German knowledge workers. The participants reject Herzberg’s two factor theory as an adequate motivational theory for their workplace motivation. According to the participants view a cultural bias can be found in Herzberg’s theory. Furthermore the underlying assumption of Herzberg’s theory that job satisfaction and dissatisfaction depend on different factors is doubted. Instead it is suggested by the participants the difference needs to be made between motivation and job satisfaction. The theory does not reflect the German cultural tendency towards a team-based approach and the importance of safety needs for motivation. The motivator factors proposed by Herzberg only partially meet the perception o f the group of participants. A mentally challenging work, visionary leadership and psychological safety are the key motivators in the researched organisation. Differences in the nature of the job and the cultural environment are suggested as reasons why earlier studies on Herzberg’s theory resulted in ambivalent findings concerning the validity of Herzberg’s theory. Implications of a possible misunderstanding of Herzberg concerning the relationship between job satisfaction, job dissatisfaction and motivation on the two-factor theory and other relevant motivational theories get discussed. Revaluating Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory A 45th Anniversary Honour where honour is due: in order to last for 45years without being disproved and maintain a place under the most influential of its kind an academic theory has to be a truly outstanding specimen. This is the case for Frederick Herzberg’s two-factor theory of workplace motivation, published in â€Å"The Motivation to Work† (Herzberg, Mausner and Snyderman) in 1959. In its essence the theory relates motivation and job satisfaction with a set of work-related factors and job dissatisfaction with a set of factors in the organisational environment. Since its introduction in 1959 it can be said that the two-factor theory has had considerable influence on the body of science on workplace motivation. Despite existing criticism it can be stated that the two-factory theory fulfils all four criteria of a valuable academic theory (Whitsett and Winslow 1967), it has resolving and explanatory power, has generated a vast amount of further research (Herzberg 1993) and is a useful base for prediction on the topic of workplace motivation. In addition Herzberg (Herzberg, Mausner and Snyderman 1959) introduced a new research method to generate his findings, the so-called â€Å"critical incident technique† that caused great sensation and dispute in academic circles at that point in time. In this way Herzberg’s theory has lost nothing of its attractiveness to and influence on academics and manager’s alike over the past decades. In contrary it can still be found on the â€Å"manager’s motivational toolbag† for â€Å"managing into the new millennium† (Buhler 2003:20) and in modern academic textbooks (Mullins 2002, Rollinson and Broadfield 2002). The same holds true for Herzberg’s original research design, which is still used by current researchers all around the world to conduct studies on workplace motivation (Ruthankoon and Ogunlana 2003, Tamosaitis and Schwenker’s 2002, Timmreck 2001). What makes Herzberg’s theory such an outstanding specimen amongst the various motivational theories are its underlying thoughts on organisational behaviour in general that draw largely on A.H. Maslow’s (1943) famous hierarchy of needs theory on human behaviour. His findings in the field of motivation led Herzberg to become one of the trailblazers of the job enrichment movement during the late 1960s and 1970s that is now highly connected to his name and contributed much to Herzberg’s later fame (Clark, Chandler and Barry 1994, Hackman 1975, Reif, Ferrazzi and Evans 1974). With his ideas on job enrichment Herzberg introduced a change that still can be found in our modern job design. Nevertheless paradigms have changed during the last 45 years. The new millennium has seen the coming of the information society and the knowledge era (Van Beveren 2002). Thus forcing change on the social and organisational environment (Mullins 2002). Writers such as Senge (1990) and Edmonson (1999) stress the importance of organisational learning and new team based approaches to keep pace with changes forced onto organisations by the growing degree of globalisation and the rapidly increasing body of knowledge. Table 0.1 highlights the changes in management during the last centuries. Table 0.1 Comparing the paradigms 19th century 20th century 21st century Theory of personhood Interchangeable muscle and energy A subordinate with a hierarchy of needs Autonomous and reflexive individual Information and Knowledge The province of management alone Management-dominated and shared on a limited basis Widely diffused The purpose of work Survival Accumulation of wealth and social status Part of strategic life plan Identification With the firm and/or with the working class Identify with a social group and/or the firm The disenfranchised self Conflict Disruptive and to be avoided Disruptive but tolerated and can be settled through collective bargaining A normal part of life Division of labour Managers decide, employees execute Managers decide, employees execute thoughtfully Employees and managers decide and execute Power Concentrated on the top Limited, functional sharing/ empowerment Diffused and shared Source: Mullins, Laurie J. (2002) The radical changes in the organisational environment also made it necessary to develop new methods of analysis. Under the impression of the growing complexity of influences on organisations business research balanced its traditional static methods of quantitative research with the more flexible and dynamic research tools of qualitative research (Bryman and Bell 2003). Thus providing new ways of conducting research and revaluating the results of already existing findings. This papers presents the results of a qualitative study conducted in a branch of a German software company in order to explore the perception of modern knowledge workers on their own workplace motivation and to compare these perceptions to Herzberg’s two-factor theory. Chapter one summarises Herzberg’s work on motivation and job enrichment as well as Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory as an important predecessor to Herzberg’s work. Chapter two summarises the criticism on both Herzberg’s and Maslow’s work, provides a brief survey of Hofstede’s cultural framework and presents further literature relevant to the research. Chapter three introduces the company where the research was conducted and the participants. It also contains the methodology and method sections. Chapter four presents the findings of the research, while chapter five contains the discussion. Chapter six finally closes the paper with the conclusions, the limitations of the research and issues for further research. Chapter 1: Herzberg, Maslow and Human Needs This chapter highlights Herzberg’s two-factor theory of workplace motivation and his consecutive work on job enrichment as well as A.H. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory of motivation. The relations between the two theories are discussed. 1.1 Herzberg’s two-factor theory It was in fact Herzberg’s psychological background that lead to the insights, which became the basis of his first research published in 1959 his well-known book â€Å"The Motivation to Work† (Herzberg 1993, Herzberg, Mausner and Snyderman 1959). During his time working at a public health school Herzberg came to the conclusion that â€Å"mental health is not the opposite of mental illness† (Herzberg 1993:xii). The idea that things usually believed to be each others opposite do not need to be diametrically opposed if they are determined by different factors became the foundation of Herzberg’s theory on workplace motivation. Herzberg argued that if job satisfaction was determined by different factors than dissatisfaction with the job, job satisfaction and job dissatisfaction were not precisely each others opposite and had to be treated as different aspects of work (Herzberg, Mausner and Snyderman 1959). In order to prove this hypothesis Herzberg made use of t he â€Å"critical incident method†.. Herzberg conducted his initial research with a sample of 203 engineers and accountants asking them to describe one situation (critical incident) where they felt good in their job and another situation where they felt bad at work (Herzberg 1993, Rollinson, Broadfield and Edwards 1998). The analysis of the interviews was conducted by a team of researches that had been trained to understand and categorise similar statements by the participants in the same way, so that the experiences described could be grouped under a set of generic terms (Herzberg, Mausner, Boch Snyderman 1959). After this coding procedure the results became quantified, simply by counting how often each generic term had been named in connection to job satisfaction or in connection to job dissatisfaction (Herzberg, Mausner, Boch Snyderman 1959). By this means Herzberg and his team were able to extract two sets of factors from the interviews, one that was repeatedly mentioned in connection to job satisfaction or a good feeling about the job and one that was linked to job dissatisfaction or a bad feeling about the job. Job satisfaction, according to Herzberg, is mainly a result of the actual work conducted and a series of issues that contributed to the positive perception of the work, such as recognition, achievement, the possibility of growth, advancement and responsibility (Herzberg, Mausner, Boch Snyderman 1959, Tietjen and Myers 1998). Herzberg concluded that these factors not only cause job satisfaction, but to have a positive and lasting influence on motivation, if they are present. Therefore these factors became known as â€Å"motivators†. Dissatisfaction on the other hand was caused by factors in the job environment that did not directly contribute to the work itself (Herzberg, Mausner, Boch Snyderman 1959, Mullins 2002). The positive handling of these factors, according to Herzberg, could have only a short-term effect on motivation, while these factors caused severe dissatisfaction with the job, if they were handled badly. Herzberg referred to this factors as â€Å"hygiene†. Herzberg regarded his findings as prove for his initial hypothesis that job satisfaction and dissatisfaction were unrelated matters (Herzberg, Mausner, Boch Snyderman 1959). Hence he regarded the opposite of job satisfaction to be no satisfaction and the opposite of job dissatisfaction to be no satisfaction. Thus the presence of motivator factors would cause satisfaction and motivation and their absence only no satisfaction. The hygiene factors on the other hand would mainly lead to dissatisfaction and would in a positive case only cause a zero state of motivation or satisfaction (Mullins 2002). Motivator and Hygiene factors are contrasted in table 1.1. Table 1.1 Motivators and Hygiene Factors Motivators Hygiene Factors Achievement Company policy and administration Recognition Technical supervision Work itself Salary Responsibility Interpersonal relations – supervision Advancement Working conditions Possibility of growth Status Interpersonal relations – subordinate Interpersonal relations – peers Private Life Job security Source: Tietjen and Myers 1998 Herzberg (1968, 2003) further elaborated his perception of workplace motivation in his famous article â€Å"One More Time: How Do You Motivate Employees† that has become the most reprinted article of the Harvard Business Review of all times (Herzberg 1993). By comparing the two terms motivation and movement, Herzberg rejects the classical carrot and stick approach of management. Herzberg rather follows the notion that financial incentives, a pleasant social environment or the offering of status symbols as well as punishment and disciplining by management may move or drive employees towards the fulfilment of a certain task, but will not make the task itself more interesting or motivating (Herzberg 1968). In his later work Herzberg compared hygiene to heroine, stating that more and more hygiene improvements are necessary to achieve less and less motivation (Dowling 1971). According to Herzberg (1968) only well-designed jobs, challenging tasks and the acknowledging awareness of m anagement and colleagues will fill employees with enthusiasm for their jobs and intrinsically motivate them to carry out their tasks. Management is requested not to push employees towards organisational goals, but to provide sensible and challenging tasks that allow their subordinates to grow while working towards the organisational goals. Goal fulfilment needs to be recognised by management in an appropriate manor. Despite Herzberg’s emphasise on the fact that motivation can only be achieved by the motivators, he stresses that a proper management of the hygiene factors is equally important in order to make work not only a motivating but pleasant experience (Herzberg, Mausner and Snyderman 1959, Mullins 2002). 1.2 Herzberg’s Contribution to Job Enrichment Herzberg did not restrict his 1968 article to be a mere summary of his earlier work on motivation. Instead he additionally presented a list of what he called â€Å"principles of vertical job loading† (Table 1.2) that indicated how jobs needed to be modified in order to show off the motivators of his two-factor theory to their advantage (Herzberg 2003:93). Table 1.2 Principles of vertical job loading Principle Motivators involved A. Removing some controls while retaining accountability Responsibility and personal achievement B. Increasing the accountability of individuals for own work Responsibility and recognition C. Giving a person a complete natural unit of work (module, division, area, and so on) Responsibility, achievement, and recognition D. Granting additional authority to employees in their activity, job freedom Responsibility, achievement, and recognition E. Making periodic reports directly available to the workers themselves rather than to supervisors Internal recognition F. Introducing new and more difficult tasks not previously handled Growth and learning G. Assigning individuals specific or specialised tasks, enabling them to become experts Responsibility, growth, and advancement Source: Herzberg 2003 Herzberg’s approach to create more a more fulfilling job experience by giving jobs more motivating contents and hence more meaning became known as the job enrichment movement (Hackman 1975, Reif, Ferazzi and Evans 1974). The job enrichment idea was taken up by several other writers, who partially developed rivalling concepts to the one of Herzberg, such as sociotechnical systems, participative management and industrial democracy (Herzberg 1974). Although the theories on job enrichment overlap in certain aspects, it will be sufficient for the purpose of this paper on Herzberg’s motivational theory to focus on Herzberg’s own approach that became known as â€Å"orthodox job enrichment†, as this concept is most strongly linked to Herzberg’s motivator-hygiene theory (Herzberg 1974). In his paper â€Å"The wise old Turk† Herzberg (1974) presents are more complete approach to job enrichment compared to his principles on vertical job loading mentione d above. Job enrichment, he argues, is based on the relationships between ability, opportunity and performance reinforcement. The more ability an employee possesses to do his or her work, Herzberg points out, the easier this employee can be motivated to do a good job. This principle is of significance for the organisation’s policies on recruitment and selection as well training and development, as a person who is lacking the necessary competence is far more difficult to motivate. Ability on the other hand is of no use, if the job does not offer the opportunity to make full use of one’s own abilities, or as Herzberg (1974:71) puts it â€Å"managers cannot motivate a person to do a good job, unless there is a good job to do†. Finally the employee’s readiness to grow with his work needs to be reinforced. Appraisal systems do not only need to appreciate the employee’s growth, they need to reward growth with the potential for further growth and advancem ent, as â€Å"there is no sense in providing training without opportunity, no sense in offering opportunity without training, and no sense in offering both training and opportunity if the reinforcement is solely by hygiene procedures† (Herzberg 1974:71). Herzberg (1974) continues by presenting eight features a â€Å"good† job should include, direct feedback, a client relationship, a learning function, the opportunity for each person to schedule his own work, unique expertise, control over resources, direct communications and personal accountability. Direct feedback can consist of the immediate response of the supervisor to the results of the subordinate or even better the opportunity for the subordinate to independently verify his or her efforts him or herself. The relationship to a specific client gives the employee the opportunity to better understand the needs and problems of his or her customer and participate in their solution. Herzberg (1974) recommends to organise internal supplier-client relationships for back office employees in order to increase their interest in the overall work processes. New learning refers to possibilities for the employee to grow psychologically in order to keep his or her job meaning or purpose ful. It further allows the employee to constantly update his or her knowledge in order to maintain the necessary competence in a fast changing economical environment. Scheduling is supposed to grant the employee the freedom of how to structure his or her tasks. While the deadlines are still set by management the employee becomes free to set his or her own pace to keep them. Unique expertise aims at giving each employee a more or less individual field of competence in order to increase his or her identification with the task. Control over resources is meant to allocate the means for a project to the lowest possible level of hierarchy in order to increase the responsibility of the lower ranks. Direct communications authority allows employees to address their colleagues in other parts of the organisation in formal matters directly without having to involve the hierarchy. Thus saving time and improving the social relations within the organisation. Personal accountability finally frees t he employee from doing single in itself meaningless tasks and provides responsibility for a coherent set of tasks with which the employee can identify. Although these factors are closer to reality than the principles of vertical job loading in table 1.2 it is still fairly obvious how their implementation can contribute to including the motivators of Herzberg’s two-factor theory mentioned in table 1.1 into the employees’ daily work. In 1979 Herzberg published an even more refined view on job enrichment, based on a model that highlighted the central importance of the client relationship for orthodox job enrichment. The relationship to a client, according to Herzberg, would improve an employees opportunity to constantly update his knowledge of the customer’s needs and requirements thus enabling to stay in touch with the latest developments, increasing his knowledge and contributing to the employee’s unique expertise. Herzberg’s model of job enrichment is depicted in figure 1.1. Figure 1.1 Herzberg’s Model of Job Enrichment Control Over Resources Direct Feedback New learning Client Relationship Unique Expertise Self- Scheduling Direct Communications Authority Personal Accountability Source: Herzberg 1979 1.3 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Theory Published in 1943 A.H. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory is in fact not only a predecessor of Herzberg’s two-factor theory, but its basis as it will be pointed out later (Mullins 2002, Rollinson and Broadfield 2002). Maslow (1943) suggests that motivation is a result of five different sets of human needs and desires, namely physiological, safety, love, esteem and self-actualisation needs (Mullins 2002, Rollinson and Broadfield 2002, Clark, Chandler and Barry 1998). Physiological needs refer to the most essential issues of human survival such as food and drink, air to breath, sleep, reproduction and so on. Safety needs include physical safety, but also the human desire for predictability and orderliness. Love needs consist of all sorts of social affiliation and their advantages. Esteem needs include self-esteem and the confidence in one’s own abilities as well as the recognition and admiration by others. Self-actualisation needs finally refer to the ultimate expe rience of self-fulfilment and the idea of becoming the person one always wanted to be. Although Maslow (1943) only wrote about a hierarchy, his levels of needs usually are pictured as a pyramid (Figure 1.2). Figure 1.2 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs Self- Actualisation Esteem Lovee Safety Physiological Source: Mullins 2002 People, according to Maslow (1943), process through these levels of needs in a hierarchical order, as one level of needs gets satisfied it loses its motivating effect making the individual long for the satisfaction of the next set of needs. Without at least a certain degree of satisfaction in one level of needs, however, people will not be interested in the satisfaction of the higher levels and hence no motivation will be triggered by those higher needs. Maslow (1943) gives the example of the starving person that cannot be motivated by any other means than food. If this person had enough to eat, food will cease to be a motivator and given the fact that physiological needs in general are perceived satisfying the person’s motivation will turn to the realisation of the next higher set of needs. Maslow (1943) himself pointed out the hierarchical order in which he arranged the needs was not a strict one. Instead several issues can have an influence on this order. First of all a set of needs does not need to be entirely satisfied in order to allow the individual to proceed to the next level, already a certain degree of satisfaction can be enough for the individual to aim for another set of needs. In this case, however, the unsatisfied parts of the earlier level will remain motivators. Additionally the structure of the hierarchy may vary according to personalities. Some people may have a stronger interest in esteem than in love and therefore want to satisfy the esteem needs earlier. Psychotic persons may have no interest in specific satisfaction of certain levels of needs such as love at all, while highly idealistic persons may sacrifice everything in pursuit of just one single need. Another group of persons may be satisfied with settling in one level of the hierarchy without b eing interested in satisfying any higher levels. Furthermore it has to be kept in mind that definitely most actions taken by individuals serve more than just one set of needs. A dinner with friends in a luxurious restaurant for example will not only satisfy physiological needs but may also satisfy aspects of love and esteem. Although Maslow’s theory initially was not meant to be applied to the work context it soon became influential in the analysis of workplace motivation as well (Mullins 2002, Rollinson and Broadfield 2002). Steers and Porter for example elaborated real-life incentives within the work environment that could be used to serve all of the employees’ needs as shown in table 1.3. Alderfer further extended Maslow’s thoughts in his ERG theory (Mullins 2002, Rollinson and Broadfield 2002). Table 1.3 Application of Maslow’s Theory to the Work Context Needs levels General rewards Organisational factors 1. Physiological Food, water, sex, sleep a Pay b Pleasant working conditions c Cafeteria 2. Safety Safety, security, stability, protection a Safe working conditions b Company benefits c Job security 3. Social Love, affection, belongingness a Cohesive work group b Friendly supervision c Pro

Discuss Marxist’ Theory of Alienation

OUTLINE AND ASSESS MARX’S CONCEPT OF ALIENATION When considering the concept of sociology and its definition, one immediately thinks of trying to understand the world in which we live. However, for Karl Marx we should not only understand the world, but also seek to actively change it (Macintosh, 1997). The concept of alienation differs in terms of its sociological meaning in relation to that of the psychological definition and has been used to describe many other phenomena’s over the last four centuries.The aim of this essay is to assess the concept of alienation according to Karl Marx and explore his theory relating to four differing perspectives assigned to this, whilst also researching its historical roots and any relevance in today’s society. The concept of alienation in relation to sociology was developed by Karl Marx (1818-1883), a German philosopher, political economist, revolutionary and the founding father of Communism. His ideas for this theory originat ed in the writings of Feuerbach, who along with George W.F Hegel, were major influences on Marx. However, unlike Feuerbach, who believed that religion had a negative impact on human experience and that man was alienated from god, Marx considered man to be alienated from man in a social context. Indeed, Marx criticised Feuerbach’s work entitled ‘The Essence of Christianity’, which was published in 1841 for not developing the concept of alienation further by linking it to economic production strategies.In it, Feuerbach insists that visions of god being similar to their own image allow for them to alienate themselves from this fictionally created character. Therefore, issues regarding low self esteem and other social or personal problems can be diluted by visiting places of worship. He insists that guidance, leadership and solace can be found within the church. Indeed, Feuerbach argued that the church was used by the government as state apparatus to control society (Hughes et al, 1995 pp. 29-30).Marx took these points onboard and rather than relate them to religion, embraced it to include the notion that alienation was an objective condition associated with the social and economic attributes of capitalism, thus leading to alienated labour. For Hegel, human thoughts were continuously developing and advancing throughout history, thus providing a more knowledge and rational understanding of society (Hughes et al, 1995, pp. 25-26). Unlike, Marx, who states materialism and economic power, shapes our thinking, Hegel insists it is the other way round and that mind shapes matter.In other words, our knowledge shapes the need and inventiveness needed to shape future materials. Historically, according to Hegel, by exploring previous economic processes, then the material base on which societies, institutions and ideas are built are in evidence due to rational logic and natural progression. Marx however, disagrees with this theory. He believes that such ab stract ideas did not exist and therefore provided limited explanations relating to the social world. The true nature of human experience therefore and life were totally under emphasised.His theory of historical materialism was constructed further in future writings. ‘The first historical act is . . . the production of material life itself. This is indeed a historical act, a fundamental condition of all of history’ (Marx & Engels, 1976). His many writings, which spanned four decades, underpin what has become known as Marxist theory and are used to develop our understanding of many areas relating to social life (Abercrombie et al, 2000). However, Marxist theory is primarily based around the class conflict of the bourgeoisie, i. . ruling class who own the mode of production and the exploitation of the proletariat, i. e. working class who are forced into selling their labour. The 3 stages relating to the industrial revolution have led to his alienation theory being supporte d by many sociologists. First came the agricultural revolution (1700-1800), followed by the industrial revolution (1800-1950). The final stage of these phenomena was the service revolution from the 1950s to the present day. Economic and surplus values are at the heart of Marxist theory.For Marx, alienation is an objective condition associated with the social and economic attributes of capitalism and results in alienated labour. The main use of Marx’s theory relating to this concept is in relation to the form of labour in any given capitalist society. However, he also talks of ‘alienation’ in the sphere of social and economic relations (Turner, 1999) Marx argues that humans are denied their basic natural essence, and as such was only realised in their labour. This allowed for a creative activity which was carried out in unison with others.Marx was of the opinion that people transformed a world outside themselves. Now the processes relating to production were one o f ‘objectification’. By this he means that man now produces material objects that embody human creativity, yet leaves them feeling detached and separated from the creator. Once the product is objectified, man no longer recognises himself in the product and autonomous manufacturing techniques leave him feeling alienated. Within capitalist societies Marx identified four levels of separation resulting in the concept of alienation. 1) Within a capitalist society the worker has no control over the fate of their production, therefore alienating them from the results of their labour. Although having been involved actively in the production of such commodities the worker is left feeling subdued, unattached and emotionally removed from the end product. This is now controlled by others, and as increased production multiplies, so does the division and separation of the labour process. (2) The worker is alienated from the act of production. For Marx, no individual satisfaction is a chieved as the worker’s own creativity is alienated from production.Furthermore, external constraints forced upon the worker removes any attachment from the’ fruits of their labour’ and in doing so, the product ceases to be an end in itself with work becoming merely a commodity. To the worker, the saleability of the product is their only concern. (3) The worker is alienated from their ‘specific being’ or human nature. Marx states that the individual’s human qualities are deprived. This is due to the first two levels of alienation, as outlined above, reducing the workers creative production activities and thus removing themselves from their natural self being and converting them into social animals. 4) The worker is separated from other humans. The emergence of capitalism has transformed human social relations into market relations. According to Marx, people are now judged, not be their human qualities and attributes but rather by their positi on within the market (Giddens, 1970). For example the separation of labour is also the separation of man from man in relation to class conflict and competition and also lends theory to their alienation of the products of their labour.Capital itself can also be seen as a source of alienation because its accumulation generates its own needs which reduce people to the level of commodities (Haralambos, 1998). The above four levels of separation and alienation of man is intrinsically linked and can be used to identify phenomena in regards to any society. Many pro-capitalist economists agree with Marx’s theory that all humans are treated as commodities that can be rented and that everything can be traded for monies. For Marx, this ensures that the gap between rich and poor widens, with both lasses pushing in opposite direction. However, he attacks other economists’ interpretations of the causes of capitalism and believes that they do not distinguish between both capitalists and the workers. Marx argues that competition is seen as an enforcement mechanism of the capitalist’s mode of production (Reiss, 1997). According to Marx, as all aspects of feudalism are connected, then so too are all aspects relating to capitalism. He is quoted as saying, ’’the worker becomes the poorer the more wealth he produces’’ (Marx, 1976).In other words, as the worker increases production, this only enriches their bosses whilst they still remain poor. Capitalist economists however, view each aspect of feudalism as an accidental corruption in relation to capitalism. Marx also explores the historical development of alienation and its intrinsic link to the division of labour. As society changes and tribes and villages continue to expand, so too does the division of labour (Rius, 1996). For society to survive trade and exchange must occur.This leads to more growth in exchangeable goods which in turn leads to an upsurge in use-value and exchange -value commodities. When considering use-value, this relates to how in demand a commodity may be of use to the individual. However, exchange-value relates to what commodities can be traded for other objects. For Marx, commodity fetishism has attributed to the alienation of man from the fruits of their labour (cowling, 1989). There are many examples of alienation in today’s society. The term Fordism originates from Henry Ford and the techniques he initiated to instil mass production.Indeed, his ideas and practices are still dominant in today’s society and are at the forefront of all technological mass production facilities and businesses. To enable production on such a large scale, Ford redesigned the whole manufacturing capabilities of his workforce. Unlike industrialists of the nineteenth century where skilled labour and handmade crafts were a necessity in the making of goods, Ford recognised an ability to mass produce by giving individuals a particular task in relati on to their labour duties.This would be made possible by re-designing all machines to carry out one specific purpose, rather than numerous functions (Watson, 2003). As such, there was now no need for skilled persons in which to operate machines. Individuals were now taught how to use particular machines which they would now carry out monotonously for the rest of their employment. This de-skilling technique ensured minimum waste and maximum output as the machine only had one way in which to operate. Ford realised that once you standardise the design of the car, you can standardise the whole production system.Thus, with the standardisation of machinery producing standardised parts, it now allowed for mass reproduction as all parts are identical therefore interchangeable. Although production of Fords automobiles had increased rapidly, the initiation of Frederick Winslow Taylor’s (1856-1915) scientific management system would ensure mass production on an even larger scale. Taylor was the man who introduced ‘time and motion’ studies to the workplace. He carried out an experiment on a pig iron gang at work. By observing their working habits, Taylor was able to redesign their work pattern.Like Ford, his task was to break a job down into standardised parts. He initially listed a set of rules to which the workers must comply to and then instructed them when to start, walk, lift and stop. Once the experiment was complete Taylor found that their productive output had increased by 400%. Taylor’s results would now allow for managers to command instructions to staff who would carry out tasks they specifically assigned to. This would undoubtedly lead to a separation of labour and also man’s alienation from man, as people who had previously worked side by side where now given specific tasks (Hughes et al, 1995).Ford would eventually instil Taylor’s scientific management technique into his workplace to generate even more productivity. T o do this Ford introduced the assembly line. Before this point, many of his employees worked unsupervised and at their own pace. However, with the emergence of assembly lines, workers now had to work in unison with the speed of the production line, and not that of the individual. This technique has greatly enhanced fords production levels and as such, Fords’ automobile plant in River Rouge USA, is now the largest in the world.By the 1990s over 10,000 people were employed there and over 90,000 cars and trucks were being produced each year (Watson, 2003). . Other examples which support Marx’s theory on alienation include multi-national companies such as McDonalds and Burger King, who epitomise our need for fast food productivity and back up his argument of commodity fetishism. Regardless of which outlet of McDonalds visited, the consumer will receive identical foodstuff and levels of service due to the standardisation of the product (Huczynski, 1991). Also, such companie s are immediately recognisable due their uniforms and company logo.Mass reproduction is applied to give the consumer a standardised food source which consists of various items such as burger, bun, relish and tomato. A time scale is also in place and many of the products on offer are controlled by a timer which goes off when certain items such as French fries and burgers are deemed ready. The main objective is to get the product to the consumer as quickly as possible with the minimum fuss. This is made possible by the way each McDonalds’ outlet is designed. By using both Fordism and Taylorist techniques workers can produce vast amounts of food that can then be passed onto the consumer within seconds.Marx’s concept of alienation is evident here as there is no need for skilled workers such as cooks and chefs to be employed due to the nature and resulting end product of such businesses (Huczynski, 1991). A critique of Marxist theory would be to suggest that if alienation i s produced and enacted by humans, then surely they also have the ability to change and reverse it. It is also contradictory as individuals opinions of alienation differ in relation to each person’s objective situation and consciousness.Although it cannot be denied that workers within capitalist societies do contribute to the common wealth as stated by Marx, the emergence of flexi-time, paid holidays and overtime empowers the worker and enables them to generate extra sums of money for themselves (Watson, 2003). Also, working for someone else may perhaps lessen the burden experienced by others, such as those who own small businesses. It is easy to engage Marx’s suggestion that workers lack rights, and there is much evidence to support this with the emergence of sweatshops and low paid immigrant workers (Rattansi, 1982).However, trade unions play a significant part in readdressing these issues by way of fair representation. Many jobs available to the masses today, do in f act, alienate workers and help establish capitalist theories, but humans have the freedom to change jobs or start their own businesses and trade unions are also in place to protect and represent employees (Giddens, 1971) His ideologies can also be construed as outdated as most of his concepts and terminologies are from over 100 years ago.Man may have been separated by man in relation to labour over centuries, but although this may be true in some aspects, technology and working conditions have rapidly improved over the same period. We also have the ability to influence each other rather than work in isolation. It appears that his concepts of alienation, although significant in his earlier political works and in lending credibility to research at that particular time, are rarely given a second thought in his later writings.For this reason it could be argued that Marx no longer held the opinion that the alienation of man and the collapse of capitalism was a foregone conclusion. BIBLIO GRAPHY Abercrombie, N. Hill, S and Turner, B. (2000) Dictionary of Sociology Penguin Book Cowling, M & Wilde, L. (1989) Approaches to Marx, Open University Press Giddens, A. (1971) Capitalism and Modern Social Theory, C. U. P. Giddens, A. (1970) Marx, Weber and the development of capitalism Haralambos, M. (1986) Sociology – a new approach, Causeway Press LtdHuczynski, A. Buchanan, D. (1991) Organizational Behaviour, Prentice Hall Hughes, J. A. , Martin, P. J. , & Sharrock, W. W. (1995) Understanding Classical Sociology, London: Sage Macintosh, I. (1997) Classical Sociological Theory. Edinburgh University Press Marx, K. , & Engels, F. (1976 [1845-46]) the German Ideology, Part 1 London: Lawrence & Wishart. Rius, E. (1996) Introducing Marx, Icon Books Turner B, (1999). Classical sociology. 1st ed. Uk: Sage. Watson, Tony J. (2003) Sociology, Work and Industry Routledge